How to Treat Frostbite
Original photo by Sandra Frey on Unsplash.
Frostbite is a condition caused by the freezing of water molecules in skin cells and occurs in very cold temperatures. It is characterized by white, waxy skin that feels numb and hard. More severe cases result in a bluish black skin color, and the most severe cases result in gangrene, which may lead to amputation. Affected areas are generally fingertips and toes, and the nose, ears, and cheeks. Frostbite should be treated by a doctor. However, in an emergency, take the following steps.
Remove wet clothing and dress the area with warm, dry clothing.
Immerse frozen areas in warm water (100–105° F) or apply warm compresses for ten to thirty minutes.
If warm water is not available, wrap gently in warm blankets.
Avoid direct heat, including electric or gas fires, heating pads, and hot water bottles.
Never thaw the area if it is at risk of refreezing; this can cause severe tissue damage.
Do not rub frostbitten skin or rub snow on it.
Take a pain reliever such as aspirin or ibuprofen during rewarming to lessen the pain.
Rewarming will be accompanied by a severe burning sensation. There may be skin blistering and soft tissue swelling and the skin may turn red, blue, or purple in color. When skin is pink and no longer numb, the area is thawed.
Apply sterile dressings to the affected areas.
Place the dressing between fingers or toes if they have been affected. Try not to disturb any blisters, wrap rewarmed areas to prevent refreezing, and have the patient keep thawed areas as still as possible.
Get medical treatment as soon as possible.
How to Treat Frostnip
Frostnip is the early warning sign of frostbite. Frostnip is characterized by numbness and a pale coloring of the affected areas. It can be safely treated at home.
Remove wet clothing.
Immerse or soak affected areas in warm water (100–105° F).
Do not allow the patient to control water temperature—numb areas cannot feel heat and can be burned.
Continue treatment until skin is pink and sensation returns.
Pro Tips:
To avoid frostbite and frostnip:
Keep extremities warm and covered in cold weather.
Use layered clothing and a face mask.
Wear mittens instead of gloves, and keep the ears covered.
Take regular breaks from the cold whenever possible to warm extremities.